Use of recombinant polypeptides from a lupinus plant and nucleotide sequences encoding it as plant growth promoters, antimicrobial or insecticidal

ABSTRACT

This invention is related to the extraction of a protein from the seeds, cotyledons or plantlets of  Lupinus  genus, as well as to the way of producing it in recombinant form and of expressing it in genetically modified plants. Due to the exceptional characteristics exhibited by this protein in what concerns: its potent antifungal and anti-Oomycete activity, which confers great potential to the protein as a fungicide, (2) its strong plant growth promoter activity, particularly notorious on unhealthy or naturally weakened plants, (3) its extreme resistance to denaturation, which allows the use of the protein under field conditions, (4) its great susceptibility to proteolytic attack, which makes it harmless to the environment and nontoxic for man, and (5) its well balanced amino acid composition. It is claimed its use, or of any modification of the protein that maintains its biological properties, as a supplement in human or animal nutrition and as a fungicide, insecticide, growth promoter, fertilizer or in the preparation of genetically modified organisms.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage of International Application No. PCT/IB2006/052403 filed on Jul. 13, 2006, claiming priority based on Portuguese Patent Application Nos. 103322 and 103511, filed Jul. 21, 2005 and Jun. 28, 2006, the contents of all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention is included in the area of Biology, with its practical applicability as a fungicide, insecticide, growth promoter or fertilizer belonging to the fields of Agronomical Sciences and Agriculture and as its applicability as a supplement in the diet of animals belonging to the field of Human and Animal Nutrition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a polypeptide with antifungal, anti-Oomycete and plant growth promoter properties, extracted from seeds, cotyledons or plantlets of the genus Lupinus, and to its application in the control of pathogenic agents that attack plants and as a plant bio-stimulant. This polypeptide may be applied directly on plants, or the plants may be genetically modified to express the polypeptide in their tissues. In addition, due to its unusual inherent characteristics, the polypeptide may be utilized in the preparation of protein concentrates useful as supplements in the diet of man and other animals.

The present invention also describes the nucleotide DNA sequence corresponding to the gene fragment that encodes the Lupinus polypeptide, as well as its sequence of amino acid residues, microorganisms transformed with the gene fragment that encodes the Lupinus polypeptide and methods for its application as a fungicide, insecticide, plant growth promoter or fertilizer or as a supplement in human or animal nutrition.

It is also object of this invention the polypeptide characterized by the sequence of amino acid residues referred above, in which one or more amino acid residues are absent, have been substituted or added, or maintaining its biological activities after suffering chemical modification, such as, for example, glycosylation.

The control of pathogenic agents constitutes a serious problem worldwide with respect to the most important crops. Pathogenic fungi are particularly important in what concerns the storage of agricultural products. Presently, control over fungal growth is generally achieved by massive applications of chemical fungicides. However, phytopharmaceutical products currently available in the market display several serious disadvantages. On one hand, they exhibit high economical and environmental costs; on the other hand, many fungal species have been developing resistance mechanisms to some top fungicides, often turning them obsolete in a couple of years after their introduction in the market.

Even though plants do not possess an immunological system resembling that of animals, they have evolved an inherent resistance to the attack of pathogenic fungi. However, the techniques employed for plant growth, harvest and storage in modern agriculture promote very often good or optimal conditions for pathogen development.

In addition, the number of microbial pathogens that may affect and harm plant crops is quite high. As an example, the following genera may be referred: Alternaria, Ascochyta, Botrytis, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Diplodia, Erysiphe, Fusarium, Gaeumanomyces, Macrophomina, Nectria, Phoma, Phomopsis, Phymatotrichum, Phytophthora, Plasmopara, Puccinia, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Uncinula, and Verticillium. The application of the fungicides currently available in the market is limited to some of these genera, and is not an effective solution in the control of plant infections.

An alternative strategy in the fight against microbial pathogens is the identification and purification of substances of biological origin with potent antifungal activity. The identification of such compounds involves searching a variety of organisms, such as plants and microorganisms, for substances that are subsequently tested in antifungal assays and finally isolated and characterized.

In this way, many classes of antifungal proteins have already been isolated, including chitinases, cystein-rich proteins that bind strongly to chitin, β-1,3-glucanases, permeatins, thionins and lipid transfer proteins. These proteins are thought to play a fundamental role in the natural defenses of plants against the attack of pathogens.

Several methodologies are described in the available literature on the utilization of antifungal proteins, extracted from plants or microorganisms, either for direct application over the pathogenic agents, or in transgenic plants expressing those proteins. The antifungal proteins most often utilized in these methodologies include chitinases, glucanases, osmotin-type proteins and lysozymes. Various studies have demonstrated that genetically modified plants over-expressing these proteins exhibit enhanced resistance to many pathogens (EP 0392 225).

Modern techniques of Molecular Biology allowed the development of recombinant DNA technology and, consequently, plant transformation with genes encoding antifungal proteins. This procedure usually involves insertion of the gene encoding the protein of interest in a plant tissue, followed by regeneration of a whole plant from the genetically modified plant tissue.

However, the activity of some of these proteins is reduced by the presence of ions, in particular potassium, sodium or calcium. For this reason, although the proteins may exhibit a potent antifungal activity in in vitro assays, they may be ineffective in vivo due to the high physiological concentrations of the ions that may naturally occur in the transformed plant tissues.

In conclusion, it is becoming imperative the identification and purification of novel compounds of biological origin exhibiting anti-pathogen properties in the fight against the pathogens that affect plants. Particular importance must be given to those compounds that are effective over a wide range of pathogens and that maintain the biological activity under in vivo conditions.

Agricultural practices have been optimized, over a long time period, to promote plant growth and development and to increase crop production. On the other hand, it is predictable that in the medium to long term, food shortage may occur in many areas of the globe. Current techniques to control plant growth under environmentally controlled conditions are expensive and require complex equipment. For these reasons, many researchers have searched for and have reported physiologically active substances, either natural or synthetic, that exhibit a boosting effect upon the growth and development of crops. However, only a few of these substances have found practical application under real, agricultural conditions. Therefore, it is also increasingly important to discover or to develop plant growth promoters that are environmentally friend and that present no toxicity to man, animals and the environment.

Plant legumes or, more specifically, their seeds, are considered as the major source of protein worldwide for animal and human nutrition. In this respect, soybean fulfills a prominent role, not only for the high protein content and quality of its seeds, but also for their richness in oil. However, from the agricultural point of view, soybean requires fertile soils and an abundant water supply. Plants belonging to the Lupinus genus have conquered, over the last few decades, a relevant, strong and of great potential position in comparison to soybean. If, on one hand, their seeds possess protein and oil levels comparable to those of soybean, on the other, their species are well adapted to poor soils and to conditions of low water availability. For these reasons, lupins have sometimes been considered as the “poor cousins” of soybean.

The high level of alkaloids which are toxic to animals and which are naturally present in traditional, wild-type lupin seeds have long hampered the generalized cultivation of Lupinus species and the use of their seeds for animal and human consumption. This is the main reason why lupin cultivation has lagged far behind that of soybean. In Portugal, for example, traditional consumption of lupin seeds has long been associated to beer ingestion. These seeds are first boiled in water (heating at 100° C. destroys the capacity of seeds to germinate but does not block the imbibition's process) and then immersed under running water for a few days to remove the toxic alkaloids. However, the recent application of breeding techniques allowed the development of the so called sweet lupin varieties, characterized by containing a low seed alkaloid content (<0.004% w/w), as opposed to the traditional bitter cultivars (alkaloid content >0.004% w/w). For this reason, the seeds of sweet lupin varieties may be safely utilized as human and animal feed.

It is therefore predictable an increasing development of lupin-derived food products for both human and animal nutrition, as has happened a number of decades ago with soybean. This is particularly important in the case of lupin seed proteins, either albumins or globulins.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is expected for the present invention to solve the technical problem associated with the identification and purification of compounds of biological origin that are capable of controlling a wide range of pathogenic agents that affect plant crops and that act as plant growth promoters while maintaining their biological activities under in vivo conditions.

The solution is based on the characterization and identification of a polypeptide present in plants belonging to the genus Lupinus, that exhibits the following unusual characteristics: (i) a potent antifungal and anti-Oomycete activity, which confers great potential as a fungicide; (ii) a strong plant growth promoter activity, particularly notorious on unhealthy or naturally weakened plants; (iii) an extreme resistance to denaturation, allowing its use under field conditions; (iv) a very high susceptibility to proteolysis, which makes it harmless to the environment and nontoxic to man and animals; and (v) a well balanced amino acid composition.

Therefore, the first aspect of the present invention refers to the polypeptide with the sequence B (5′KIRVLER FDQRTNRLEN LQNYRIVEFQ SKPNTLILPK HSDADYVLVV LNGRATITIV NPDRRQAYNL EYGDALRIPA GSTSYILNPD DNQKLRVVKL AIPINNPGYF YDFYPSSTKD QQSYFSGFSR NTLEATFNTR YEEIQRIILG NED 3′) (SEQ ID NO: 3).

A second aspect of the present invention concerns a DNA fragment that encodes that polypeptide. The invention also regards the use of the polypeptide, or any preparation containing it, as a fungicide, insecticide, growth promoter or fertilizer, either by direct application, in recombinant form or by expression in genetically modified organisms. Finally, the invention considers the use of the polypeptide or any preparation containing it as a supplement in human or animal nutrition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1—Grapevine leaves heavily infected with powdery mildew were sprayed with water (leaf on the right) or with the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus (leaf on the left). (A) 24 h after spraying; (B) 2 months after spraying.

FIG. 2—Optical microscopy observations of germination of spores from the fungus responsible for powdery mildew in grapevine. Fungal spores were carefully removed from the surface of young infected grapevine leaves and inoculated in water agar 0.6% (w/v). (A), (B) and (C)—Controls; (D) and (E)—addition of 200 μg of the total protein fraction from mature grapes, containing pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins; (F) and (G)—addition of 200 μg of the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus. Each assay was observed after 24 and 48 h. Phase contrast microscopy was employed and the magnification used was 125×.

FIG. 3—Metallurgic microscopic observations of grapevine leaves. (A) Healthy leaves; (B) leaves infected with powdery mildew; (C) leaves infected with powdery mildew, 12 h after spraying with the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus. The magnification used is specified in each photograph.

FIG. 4—Effect of the polypeptide from Lupinus, produced in a recombinant form in Escherichia coli, on the germination and development of Uncinula necator spores, the causal agent of powdery mildew.

FIG. 5—Rose plants in the same developmental stage were sprayed with water (rose plant on the right) or with a solution containing the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus (200 μg polypeptide/mL; rose plant on the left). The photograph shows the developmental stage of both plants three weeks after spraying.

FIG. 6—Watermelon plants produced in a nursery. Six weeks after the onset of germination the plants were sprayed with water (control; A), a crude Lupinus extract containing 100 μg polypeptide/mL (B), a plant growth promoter commercially available in the market (concentration recommended by the manufacturer) (C), and a crude Lupinus extract containing 200 μg polypeptide/mL (D). The experiment was followed during two weeks and the plants photographed.

FIG. 7—Typical profile of the insolubility of the globulins from Lupinus genus plants as a function of calcium and magnesium concentrations. This profile is exemplified for the effect of these cations on the self-aggregation of the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus (▪) and of β-conglutin from Lupinus (∘). β-Conglutin (0.5 mg·mL⁻¹; ∘) and the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus (0.5 mg·mL⁻¹; ▪) were purified from dry seeds or from cotyledons detached from plantlets that were germinated and grown for eight days, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention refers to a novel polypeptide with potent antifungal properties, which exhibits a powerful activity on the germination and development of spores from fungal and Oomycete pathogens for plants, and with plant growth promoter activity, particularly notorious on unhealthy or naturally weakened plants. The invention also considers the use of the polypeptide or any preparation containing it as a supplement in human or animal nutrition. The DNA nucleotide sequence of the gene fragment that encodes the polypeptide from Lupinus does not share any significant homology with any other antifungal protein/polypeptide that has been isolated from plants. The polypeptide from Lupinus constitutes a novel type of polypeptide among the antifungal proteins described in plants.

The polypeptide referred to in the present invention is purified from cotyledons extracted from germinated seedlings of the genus Lupinus. The present invention includes the description of the methodology employed to isolate the polypeptide from the plant tissues, the DNA nucleotide sequence of the gene fragment (A) that encodes it, and the corresponding sequence of amino acid residues (B).

(A) (SEQ ID NO: 2) 5′CGTAGACAAAGGAACCCTTATCACTTCAGCTCTCAAAGATTCCAAACT CTTTACAAAAATAGGAATGGCAAAATCCGTGTGCTCGAGAGGTTTGACCA AAGAACCAATAGACTTGAGAATCTCCAAAACTACCGCATTGTTGAGTTCC AATCAAAACCTAACACTCTCATTCTCCCTAAACACTCTGATGCTGACTAC GTCCTCGTTGTACTCAATGGTAGAGCCACAATCACGATAGTAAACCCTGA TAGAAGACAAGCATATAACCTTGAGTATGGCGATGCTCTCAGAATCCCAG CTGGCTCAACTTCATATATCCTTAACCCGGATGACAACCAGAAGCTTAGA GTAGTCAAGCTCGCAATACCCATCAACAATCCTGGCTACTTTTATGATTT CTATCCATCGAGTACTAAAGACCAACAATCCTACTTCAGTGGCTTCAGCA GGAACACTTTAGAGGCCACCTTCAATACTCGTTATGAAGAGATACAAAGG ATTATTTTAGGGAATGAGGAT3′

(B) (SEQ ID NO: 3) 5′KIRVLER FDQRTNRLEN LQNYRIVEFQ SKPNTLILPK HSDADYVLVV LNGRATITIV NPDRRQAYNL EYGDALRIPA GSTSYILNPD DNQKLRVVKL AIPINNPGYF YDFYPSSTKD QQSYFSGFSR NTLEATFNTR YEEIQRIILG NED3′

This polypeptide appears to occur naturally during only a very short period in the lifetime of plantlets from Lupinus genus. It has been demonstrated by the present inventors that β conglutin, the major seed storage protein from Lupinus genus, is the biosynthetic precursor of the polypeptide from Lupinus.

Indeed, the Lupinus polypeptide is a highly processed polymer that has undergone several levels of chemical modification. This increased tremendously the difficulty of its study, including the sequencing of amino acid residues and of the corresponding nucleotides. During seed formation, the gene encoding β conglutin is transcribed into the corresponding mRNA, whose translation results in the synthesis of the biosynthetic precursor of β conglutin. This precursor is then extensively processed, including glycosylation, from which the several tens of different types of subunits that compose β conglutin are produced. In the following cycle of vegetative growth, several days after the onset of germination, the initial steps in the catabolism of β conglutin involve proteolytic cleavage of all or most of its constituent subunits, resulting in the accumulation of the polypeptide described in this invention. Due to its intrinsic antifungal properties, which are naturally exploited by the host plant, this polypeptide is maintained in very high concentrations in the cotyledons of the developing plants, during a life stage in which the plant is most sensitive to fungal and insect attack. After a few days, the polypeptide is degraded and its amino acids used in the growth of the young plant.

The Lupinus polypeptide described in the present invention exhibits some properties that distinguish it from the other antifungal proteins described in the literature. This makes it a promising target with great potential to develop an efficient method to control the fungi that affect plants and/or animals:

(1) Potent antifungal and anti-Oomycete activity, which confers great potential to the polypeptide as a fungicide,

(2) Strong plant growth promoter activity, particularly notorious on unhealthy or naturally weakened plants,

(3) Extreme resistance to denaturation, which allows the use of the polypeptide under field conditions,

(4) Great susceptibility to proteolytic attack, which makes it harmless to the environment and nontoxic for man, and

(5) A well-balanced amino acid composition.

The polypeptide may also be utilized as an insecticide, growth promoter or fertilizer, and as a food supplement in human or animal nutrition.

Two practical problems in present-day agriculture are the growth reduction or inhibition observed in unhealthy or naturally weakened plants and the toxicity normally associated to available bio-stimulants. The polypeptide extracted from Lupinus plant tissues exhibits a strong growth promoter activity upon plant growth and development. Indeed, Lupinus preparations or extracts containing the polypeptide possess a strong bio-stimulatory activity upon all tested plants, including, for example, grapevine, rose, watermelon and tomato. This effect is notorious for concentrations of the polypeptide equal to or above 200 μg/mL. The other components present in non-pure extracts of the Lupinus polypeptide add value to the preparations because they act as a foliar fertilizer. The absence of toxicity of the Lupinus polypeptide for man, animals and the environment indicate that its applications in agriculture do not have any damaging effect on the environment.

Another aspect of the present invention concerns the methodology utilized for the recombinant production of the Lupinus polypeptide in bacteria, with the aim of expressing it constitutively in genetically modified plants. Eventually, these plants will present a high level of resistance to pathogenic fungi, namely with respect to the fungi of difficult control (as is the case of the fungi responsible for the so called wood diseases), against which the traditional fungicides of exogenous application are not at all effective.

The polypeptide was extracted from eight-days-old Lupinus albus cv. LeBlanc pantlets. The seeds were placed in a constant temperature room (25° C. day, 20° C. night) with a photoperiod of 16 h light/8 h dark.

After harvest, the cotyledons were frozen in liquid nitrogen. polypeptide extraction was performed in 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, containing 10% (w/v) NaCl, 10 mM EDTA (ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid) and 10 mM EGTA (ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid). After an incubation period of 30 minutes at 4° C., the extract was centrifuged at 30,000 g, for 1 h at 4° C. The supernatant was desalted and the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus subsequently purified by FPLC (Fast Protein and Peptide Liquid Chromatography)-anion exchange chromatography.

N-terminal sequencing of the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus was accomplished by Edman degradation. The obtained sequence of amino acid residues was used to design degenerate primers. Total mRNA was extracted from developing Lupinus albus seeds at a stage where maximal synthesis of the β conglutin precursor occurs. The mRNA extraction was performed using protocols/kits for mRNA purification from plant material. The cDNA corresponding to the gene fragment encoding the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus was amplified by PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using the degenerate primers previously designed. Using the nucleotide sequence obtained as a template, new primers were designed and the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene fragment encoding the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus was achieved by the 3′ and 5′ RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technique.

The polypeptide from Lupinus was produced in recombinant form in the bacterium Escherichia coli. The gene fragment encoding the polypeptide from Lupinus was cloned in a suitable vector, allowing the association of the gene of interest to the promoter T7lac. This promoter is inductive; therefore, the expression of the genes that are associated with it occurs exclusively in the presence of the sugar isopropylthio-β-galactoside. Finally, competent Escherichia coli cells were transformed.

As described above, the polypeptide from Lupinus was obtained in a recombinant form from bacteria. However, to be tested for its antifungal activity, the recombinant polypeptide from Lupinus had to be isolated from all other bacterial proteins/polypeptide. To this end, the polypeptide from Lupinus was previously produced in a recombinant form with a tag of histidine residues (His-Tag). The methodology employed for its purification was based on the high affinity of the nickel ions for the His-Tag. In this way, having nickel ions bound to an agarose matrix, the purification of the recombinant polypeptide was accomplished knowing that among all the proteins/polypeptide present in the bacterial total extract, only the polypeptide from Lupinus binds to the agarose matrix. Subsequently, the polypeptide from Lupinus was recovered after a suitable set of washes and elutions, and the His-Tag removed after treatment with an appropriate proteolytic enzyme.

The careful choice of a suitable promoter is a pre-requisite for plant genetic modification. Several types of promoters are described in the literature, allowing the expression of the associated genes. To express the gene fragment encoding the polypeptide described in the present invention, the selected promoter may be inductive or constitutive, depending on the type of expression required. The choice of the promoter is also important to direct the synthesized polypeptide to the tissue or cellular compartment selected (post-transcriptional modifications).

Plant transformation may be achieved by different methodologies, such as, for example, plant transformation via Agrobacterium, protoplast transformation, gene transfer to pollen grains, direct injection into reproductive organs or immature embryos, and particle bombardment. Each of these methods presents specific advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, they all have already been utilized in different plant types.

To transform plants with the gene fragment encoding the polypeptide from Lupinus, the selected method was transformation via Agrobacterium (Fraley et al., 1983), using a suitable expression vector, containing a codifying region for the gene of interest associated to an appropriate marker gene. Plant regeneration, plant development and plant transfer to the culture medium from a single protoplast may be achieved following several methodologies available in the literature. This process includes several steps on the selection of transformed cells and the subsequent culture of these cells by the usual methods employed in the development of embryogenic cultures. The regenerated plantlets are finally grown in a suitable culture medium, usually soil.

It is also object of the present invention any agricultural formulation that includes as the active ingredient the polypeptide with sequence B, glycosylated, phosphorylated, alkylated and/or prenylated, or a recombinant form of the polypeptide obtained by transformation of cells characterized by being utilized in prevention, control and fight of pathogenic fungi or Oomycetes or plagues caused by insects, or as a growth promoter or fertilizer.

Another aspect of the present invention is related to the frequent reduced levels in plant proteins/polypeptides of the human and animal diets and, in some cases, to the poor protein digestibility and an imbalanced amino acid composition. In fact, crude preparations containing the Lupinus polypeptide possess not only a major globulin (the Lupinus polypeptide, object of the present invention) but also a variety of albumins that are naturally present in the plant material utilized in the protein extraction. Therefore, these crude preparations of the Lupinus polypeptide are particularly rich in proteins and may be utilized as a protein supplement in animal or human nutrition as tofu (after globulin precipitation with calcium and magnesium) or as ricotta (after heat precipitation of the albumins).

The analysis of the amino acid composition of the Lupinus polypeptide and its great susceptibility to all tested proteases (including trypsin, chymotrypsin, subtilisin, proteinase K and pronase) indicate that this polypeptide has a high nutritive value for animals. However, the polypeptide considered in the present invention is a globulin. For this reason, the Lupinus polypeptide is insoluble in water and in dilute salt solutions, but readily soluble in high ionic strength solutions. Nevertheless, legume globulins are insoluble only when in the presence of calcium, magnesium and other alkaline-earth cations (Ferreira et al., 1999). These divalent cations, positively charged at neutral pH values, act as electrostatic bridges between negatively charged globulin molecules, promoting or inducing their self-aggregation into complexes that are so large that are insoluble (Ferreira et al., 1999; Ferreira et al., 2003). Tofu, for example, is a curd similar to cheese or cottage cheese prepared by adding calcium and magnesium ions to a heated extract of soya beans. Both cations are routinely utilized in tofu preparation and are commercially available in the form of Nigari®. In this way, a crude preparation of the Lupinus polypeptide, containing both globulins and albumins, may be used in the preparation of Lupinus globulin concentrates after their precipitation with calcium and/or magnesium. FIG. 7, for example, shows the precipitation pattern of the Lupinus polypeptide (▪) as a function of added calcium and magnesium concentrations. For comparative purposes, it is also presented the precipitation profile of its precursor protein, β-conglutin (the main storage protein present in Lupinus seeds; ∘). The albumins that remain in the resulting serum may also be recovered, for example, by heat precipitation, in a process similar to that utilized in the preparation of ricotta (heat precipitation of the milk albumins that remain in the serum after casein removal during cheese making). In this way, preparations containing the Lupinus polypeptide may be utilized as a protein supplement in the human or animal diet.

To understand the potential of the present invention, several practical examples follow. However, these examples are not limiting in the sense that alternative methodologies may be employed in the utilization of the polypeptide from Lupinus as an agent of antifungal and Oomycete control, as an insecticide, as a growth promoter, as a fertilizer or as a protein supplement in the human or animal diet.

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES Examples 1 and 2 Effect of Spraying the Polypeptide from Lupinus on the Surface of Grapevine Leaves Infected with the Fungus Uncinula necator (the Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew in Grapevine)

The antifungal activity of the polypeptide from Lupinus was evaluated after spraying the surface of a grapevine leaf with a solution containing 200 μg of pure polypeptide/mL. As a control, a similar leaf was sprayed under identical conditions with water. The results obtained are presented in FIG. 1 and show that the grapevine leaf remains healthy two months after spraying the leaves with the polypeptide, without traces of the fungus presence, even though the sprayed leaves were always and permanently kept in close contact with heavily infected leaves.

Another trial was performed following an identical methodology, but the observations of the surfaces of the treated grapevine leaves were made using a metallurgic microscope (FIG. 3).

Example 3 Effect of the Polypeptide from Lupinus on the Germination and Development of Spores from Uncinula necator

Spores from the fungus Uncinula necator were removed from the surface of infected grapevine leaves and inoculated in water agar 0.6% (w/v), containing 200 μg of pure polypeptide from Lupinus per mL, or 200 μg of the total protein fraction from mature grapes (containing PR proteins) per mL. Spore germination and development of the germ tubes were followed by optical microscopy using the contrast phase lens system, during 24 and 48 h. The results obtained, presented in FIG. 2, show that a marked reduction occurred in the presence of the medium containing the polypeptide from Lupinus, not only in the number of germinated spores, but also in the length of the germ tubes. This effect is notorious when compared with the result observed in the presence of the PR proteins.

Example 4 Effect of the Polypeptide from Lupinus on the Germination and Development of Spores from the Fungus Phomopsis viticola (the Causal Agent of Excoriosis in Grapevine)

Spores from the fungus Phomopsis viticola were inoculated in PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium. After 15 minutes, the spores were removed and mixed with a solution containing the polypeptide from Lupinus in a final volume of 25 μL. These droplets were placed in Petri dishes and overlaid with glass slides which were subsequently sealed, creating a wet chamber. Spore development was followed by optical microscopy observations. A clear inhibition of spore germination was evident. After 24 h developing hyphae suffered lysis.

Example 5 Effect of the Recombinant Polypeptide from Lupinus on the Germination of Spores from the Fungus Uncinula necator

The recombinant polypeptide from Lupinus, expressed in bacteria, was purified and its antifungal activity tested. These assays were performed as previously described in examples 2 and 3. The results obtained, presented in FIG. 4, show that the recombinant polypeptide exhibit identical antifungal properties to those observed for the polypeptide extracted from Lupinus plants. After a 48 h incubation period in the presence of the recombinant polypeptide from Lupinus, destruction of the spore cell walls is observed.

Example 6 Effect of the Recombinant Polypeptide from Lupinus on the Germination of Spores from the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola (the Causal Agent of Downy Mildew)

Spores from the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola were removed from the surface of grapevine infected leaves and placed in water agar 0.6% (w/v), containing 200 μg of recombinant pure polypeptide from Lupinus per mL. Spore germination was followed during 48 h by optical microscopy observations. Spore germination in water agar was used as a control. After 24 h, the spore cell walls were destroyed, with the concomitant release of the cellular content.

Example 7 Effect of Spraying the Polypeptide Extracted from Lupinus on Rose Plants

The bio-stimulant activity of the Lupinus polypeptide was evaluated after spraying the leaf surfaces of a rose plant with a crude Lupinus extract containing 200 μg polypeptide/mL. As a control a rose plant in an identical developmental stage and incubated under the same environmental conditions was sprayed with water. The result obtained, photographed three weeks after spraying, is presented in FIG. 5 and shows a superior growth for the plant sprayed with the Lupinus polypeptide, evidencing a premature appearance of the first floral buds.

Example 8 Effect of Spraying the Polypeptide Extracted from Lupinus on Nursery Watermelon Plants

The bio-stimulant activity of the Lupinus polypeptide was evaluated after spraying the leaf surfaces of six-weeks-old nursery watermelon plants with a crude Lupinus extract containing 200 μg polypeptide/mL. The assay was performed under greenhouse conditions and the plants were sprayed with water (control; A); a crude Lupinus extract containing 100 μg polypeptide/mL (B); a plant growth promoter commercially available in the market (concentration recommended by the manufacturer) (C); and a crude Lupinus extract containing 200 μg polypeptide/mL (D). Twenty-four plants were used in each assay. The assay was followed during the subsequent two weeks and the results obtained are presented in FIG. 6. The plants sprayed with the highest concentration of the Lupinus polypeptide (200 μg polypeptide/mL; D) exhibit the greatest development and a superior leaf growth when compared with plants treated with water or with the plant growth promoter commercially available in the market. The plants sprayed with the lowest concentration of the Lupinus polypeptide (100 μg polypeptide/mL; B) exhibit a lower level of development but still higher than that observed for the plants sprayed with water alone. The recommended level of application is therefore spraying the plants with a crude preparation of the Lupinus polypeptide containing 200 μg polypeptide/mL.

Example 9 Effect of Spraying the Polypeptide Extracted from Lupinus on Grapevine Plants Infected with Uncinula necator (the Fungal Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew, Economically the Most Important Disease of Grapevine Worldwide)

A crude Lupinus extract was prepared containing 200 μg of the Lupinus polypeptide per mL. Grapevine plants infected with Uncinula necator and kept under greenhouse conditions were sprayed with the extract or with water (control). Twenty-four hours after application, the sprayed plants were observed—relative to the control, the plants sprayed with the Lupinus polypeptide exhibited a higher vigor and revealed the appearance of new shoots. This situation was maintained during at least one week, after which the plants, previously weakened by the presence of the fungus, were exuberant and with many new leaves with no symptom at all of the disease.

Example 10 Determination of the Optimal Calcium and Magnesium Concentrations Required for the Preparation of a Tofu-Type Lupinus Polypeptide Concentrate

The well-balanced amino acid composition of the Lupinus polypeptide, as well as its excellent digestibility (the polypeptide is readily hydrolyzed into its component amino acids by the action of the human digestive tract proteases) highlight the great nutritive potential of the Lupinus polypeptide concentrate prepared after precipitation with 5 mM calcium+magnesium of the globulins present in a crude preparation of the Lupinus polypeptide (see FIG. 7).

REFERENCES

-   Fraley, R. T., Rogers, S. G., Horsch, R. B., Sanders, P. R.,     Flick, J. S., Adams, S. P., Bittner, M. L., Brand, L. A., Fink, C.     L., Fry, J. S., Galluppi, G. R., Goldberg, S. B., Hoffman, N. L. &     Woo, S. C. (1983). Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells.     Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 80, 4801-4807. -   Ferreira, R. B., Franco, E. & Teixeira, A. R. (1999). Calcium- and     magnesium-dependent aggregation of legume seed storage proteins.     Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 3009-3015. -   Ferreira, R. B., Freitas, R. L. & Teixeira, A. R. (2003).     Self-aggregation of legume seed storage proteins inside the protein     storage vacuoles is electrostatic in nature, rather than     lectin-mediated. FEBS Letters, 534, 106-110. 

1. A DNA fragment comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide comprising (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified and the polypeptide exhibits antifungal, anti-oomycete, or insecticidal activity; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of the β conglutin from Lupinus albus.
 2. The DNA fragment according to claim 1, having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. A recombinant vector having the DNA fragment according to claim
 1. 4. A transformed cell having the recombinant vector according to claim
 3. 5. The transformed cell according to claim 4, which is derived from Escherichia coli.
 6. The transformed cell according to claim 4, which is derived from a plant or microorganism.
 7. A transgenic plant containing the transformed cell according to claim 4 and exhibiting resistance to pathogenic fungi, Oomycetes or plagues caused by insects.
 8. A method to produce a polypeptide comprising culturing a cell stably transformed to express a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide comprising (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified and the polypeptide exhibits antifungal, anti-oomycete, or insecticidal activity; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of β conglutin from Lupinus albus; and recovering the polypeptide.
 9. A method of treating or preventing fungi, oomycetes, or insects comprising applying to a plant under agricultural conditions, an isolated polypeptide comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified and the polypeptide exhibits antifungal, anti-oomycete, or insecticidal activity; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of β conglutin from Lupinus albus.
 10. The method according to claim 9 wherein said polypeptide is glycosylated, phosphorylated, alkylated and/or prenylated.
 11. The method according to claim 9 wherein said polypeptide is in the form of an agricultural formulation.
 12. A method of promoting plant growth or fertilization comprising applying to a plant under agricultural conditions, an isolated polypeptide, comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified and the polypeptide plant growth promoter activity or fertilizer properties; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of β conglutin from Lupinus albus.
 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein said polypeptide is glycosylated, phosphorylated, alkylated and/or prenylated.
 14. The method according to claim 12 wherein said polypeptide is in the form of an agricultural formulation.
 15. A method of administering a nutritional supplement comprising administering to a plant under agricultural conditions, an isolated polypeptide comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified, and the polypeptide exhibits nutritional properties; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of β conglutin from Lupinus albus.
 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein said polypeptide is glycosylated, phosphorylated, alkylated and/or prenylated.
 17. The method according to claim 15 wherein said polypeptide is in the form of an agricultural formulation.
 18. An agricultural formulation comprising an isolated polypeptide comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified and the polypeptide exhibits antifungal, anti-oomycete, or insecticidal activity; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of β conglutin from Lupinus albus.
 19. The agricultural formulation according to claim 18 wherein said polypeptide is glycosylated, phosphorylated, alkylated and/or prenylated.
 20. A method of preparing an agricultural formulation comprising combining a carrier with an isolated polypeptide comprising: (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; or (b) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1 wherein one amino acid residue is deleted, substituted, added or modified and the polypeptide exhibits antifungal, anti-oomycete, or insecticidal activity; and wherein the polypeptide does not comprise a sequence of 531 consecutive amino acid residues of β conglutin from Lupinus albus. 